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Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cortisone (C21H28O5, Kendall’s Compound ‘E’) was identified by Mason, Myers and Kendall in 1936 as Compound E extracted from bovine suprarenal gland tissue that had the qualitative but not quantitative activity of cortin. The presence of multiple cortin-like compounds led the authors to speculate that the study of Compound E would reveal the nature of cortin1. Compound E is now called cortisone and the more active Compound F, cortisol, and the concentrations of these two glucocorticoids vary due to the activity of two 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD) 2,3.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cortisone (C21H28O5, Kendall’s Compound ‘E’) was identified by Mason, Myers and Kendall in 1936 as Compound E extracted from bovine suprarenal gland tissue that had the qualitative but not quantitative activity of cortin. The presence of multiple cortin-like compounds led the authors to speculate that the study of Compound E would reveal the nature of cortin1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate, or cyclic AMP (cAMP), C10H12N5 O6 P, is one of the most important second messengers and a key intracellular regulator. Discovered by Sutherland and Rall in 19571, it functions as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH2-4. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate, or cyclic AMP (cAMP), C10H12N5 O6 P, is one of the most important second messengers and a key intracellular regulator. Discovered by Sutherland and Rall in 19571, it functions as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH2-4. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. In the Human Metabolome Database there are 166 metabolic enzymes listed that convert cAMP5.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Guanosine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP; cGMP) is a critical and multifunctional second messenger present at levels typically 10-100 fold lower than cAMP in most tissues. Intracellular cGMP is formed by the action of the enzyme guanylate cyclase on GTP and degraded through phosphodiesterase hydrolysis1-3. Guanylate cyclases (GC) are either soluble or membrane bound3,4. Soluble GCs are nitric oxide responsive, whereas membrane bound GCs respond to hormones such as acetylcholine, insulin and oxytocin. Other chemicals like serotonin and histamine also cause an increase in cGMP levels5,6. Cyclic GMP regulates cellular composition through cGMP-dependent kinase, cGMP dependent ion channels or transporters, and through its hydrolytic degradation by phosphodiesterase1,7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cystatin C is a non-glycosylated protein of low molecular weight (13kDa) in the cystatin superfamily. Cystatin C is produced at a constant rate in all nucleated cells, secreted from cells and thus found in detectable amounts in most body fluids1,2. Cystatin C belongs to the cysteine proteinase inhibitor group and is associated with several pathological conditions. Imbalance between Cystatin C and cysteine proteinases is associated with diseases such as inflammation, renal failure, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease multiple sclerosis and hereditary Cystatin C amyloid angiopathy1,3,4. Increased levels have been found in autoimmune diseases, with colorectal tumors and metastases, patients with inflammation and in patients on dialysis5,6,7. Cystatin C is removed from blood plasma by glomerular filtration in the kidneys.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, C19H28O5 S, (5-androsten-3ß, 16a-diol-17-one sulfate, DHEA-S) is the major C19 steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, and is a precursor in testosterone and estrogen biosynthesis. It is produced by the addition of a sulfate group to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), catalyzed by the sulfotransferase enzymes, SULT1A1 and SULT1E1, which also produce estrone sulfate from estrone. DHEA sulfate can also be back-converted to DHEA through the action of steroid sulfatase. DHEA-S has relatively low androgenic activity due to the 17-ketone group rather than hydroxyl group1 . However the bioactivity of DHEA-S may be high due to its high serum concentrations at 100-1,000-fold higher than testosterone or DHEA and its weak affinity for sex-hormone binding globulin2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated in vivo and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, a process held in check only by the existence of multiple antioxidant and repair systems as well as the replacement of damaged nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Intracellular free radical species (ROS) are produced as a result of normal metabolism and extracellular forms are produced as a result of ultraviolet radiation or ionizing radiation.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide of 21 amino acid residues, is a pleiotropic molecule known for its action as a potent vasoconstrictor1 . ET-1 is one of a family of three proteins encoded by distinct genes that also includes Endothelin-2 (ET-2) and Endothelin-3 (ET-3)2, 3. ET-2 and ET-3 differ from ET-1 by 2 and 6 amino acids, respectively1, 2.