Elabscience Protein

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is a secreted multifunctional glycoprotein. Its putative functions include roles in bone metabolism, immune regulation, wound healing, cell survival, and tumor progression. Based on gene structure and chromosomal location, SPP1 is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family that also includes bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), enamelin (ENAM), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). SPP1 is expressed in bone, although it is also expressed in other tissues. SPP1 acts as a cytokine that is involved in enhancing production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 and reducing production of interleukin-10. It is essential in the pathway that leads to type I immunity. Osteopontin has been implicated as an important factor in bone remodeling. Specifically, research suggests it plays a role in anchoring osteoclasts to the mineral matrix of bones. The fact that SPP1 interacts with multiple cell surface receptors which are ubiquitously expressed makes it an active player in many physiological and pathological processes including wound healing, bone turnover, tumorigenesis, inflammation and ischemia. Therefore, manipulation of plasma Osteopontin levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. EGF contains 9 EGF-like domains and 9 LDL-receptor class B repeats. Human EGF is a 6045-Da protein with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. As a low-molecular-weight polypeptide, EGF was first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then it was found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. It can also be found in human platelets, macrophages, urine, saliva, milk, and plasma. EGF is a growth factor that stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. It results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. The tyrosine kinase activity, in turn, initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell - a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR - that ultimately lead to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 (TNFSF10), also known as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Apo-2 ligand, and CD253, is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. TNFSF10 functions as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis. TNFSF10 shows homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. As one member of the cluster of differentiation system, TNFSF10 is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion TNFSF10 binds to several members of TNF receptor superfamily including TNFRSF10A / TRAILR1, TNFRSF10B / TRAILR2, TNFRSF10C / TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D / TRAILR4, and possibly also to TNFRSF11B/OPG. The activity of TNFSF10 / TRAIL may be modulated by binding to the decoy receptors TNFRSF10C / TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4, and TNFRSF11B/OPG that cannot induce apoptosis. The binding of this protein to its receptors has been shown to trigger the activation of MAPK8 / JNK, caspase 8, and caspase 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 27, also known as X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor, EDA-A2 receptor, EDA2R, XEDAR and TNFRSF27, is a single-pass type III membrane protein. TNFRSF27 / EDA2R contains threeTNFR-Cys repeats. It is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that has been shown to be highly expressed in ectodermal derivatives during embryonic development and binds to ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2). TNFRSF27 / EDA2R is a receptor for EDA isoform A2, but not for EDA isoform A1. TNFRSF27 / EDA2R mediates the activation of the NF-kappa-B and JNK pathways. The activation seems to be mediated by binding to TRAF3 and TRAF6. Ectodysplasin, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is encoded by the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia EDA gene. Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are two isoforms of ectodysplasin that differ only by an insertion of two amino acids. This insertion functions to determine receptor binding specificity, such that EDA-A1 binds only the receptor EDAR, whereas EDA-A2 binds only the related, but distinct, X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor (XEDAR).

Manufacturer: Elabscience

TGF-beta 1 is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family. The transforming growth factor-beta family of polypeptides are involved in the regulation of cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, motility, adhesion and death. TGF-beta 1 positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It inhibits the secretion and activity of many other cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and various interleukins. It can also decrease the expression levels of cytokine receptors. Meanwhile, TGF-beta 1 also increases the expression of certain cytokines in T cells and promotes their proliferation, particularly if the cells are immature. TGF-beta 1 also inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of B cells, and plays a role in controlling the expression of antibody, transferrin and MHC class II proteins on immature and mature B cells. TGF-beta 1 is a multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Once cells lose their sensitivity to TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition, autocrine TGF-beta signaling can promote tumorigenesis. Elevated levels of TGF-beta1 are often observed in advanced carcinomas, and have been correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and disease progression.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5; the precursor of irisin; is a protein that is encoded by the FNDC5 gene.Human Irisin is synthesized as a 212 amino acid (aa) precursor encoding a type 1 transmembrane protein with a 121 aa extracellular domain (ECD); a 21 aa transmembrane domain; and a 39 aa cytoplasmic domain. The ECD of Irisin contains a fibronectin type III domain and multiple glycosylation sites. The ECD is proteolytically cleaved to release the 112 aa soluble Irisin hormone into circulation.Mature human; mouse share 100% sequence identity.Irisin induces expression of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and uncoupling protein1(UCP1); mitochondrialassociated metabolic proteins. Irisin induces the transition of white adipose tissue into more metabolically active beige adipose tissue.Irisin also regulates neuronal cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth in the brain and is involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

β-2-Microglobulin (B2M) is a secreted protein with 1 Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain which belongs to the beta-2-microglobulin family. B2M component of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules; involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. Polymers of beta 2-microglobulin can be found in tissues from patients on long-term hemodialysis. B2M is a protein found on the surface of many cells and plentiful on the surface of white blood cells. Serum B2M concentration is increased in renal diseases; various malignant diseases and some inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. B2M may adopt the fibrillar configuration of amyloid in certain pathologic states. The capacity to assemble into amyloid fibrils is concentration dependent. B2M has been shown as a marker for monitoring inflammatory disease activity and it appears likely to have a destructive role in amyloidosis-related arthritis. B2M might be involved in the OA (osteoarthritis) pathogenesis. Defects in B2M are the cause of hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia. Affected individuals show marked reduction in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin and albumin; probably due to rapid degradation. B2M could be a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Complement factor H-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFHR3 gene. It is a secreted protein that belongs to the complement factor H protein family. Members of the H-related protein family are exclusively composed of individually folded protein domains. CFHR3 is synthesized as a 330 amino acid precursor that contains an 18 amino acid signal peptide and a 312 amino acid mature chain. Human CFCR3 protein might be involved in complement regulation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Emaphorin-3A is a secreted protein which belongs to the semaphorin family. Semaphorins are a family of secreted and cell-bound signaling molecules defined by the presence of a common 500 aa Sema domain.This protein can function as either a chemorepulsive agent; inhibiting axonal outgrowth; or as a chemoattractive agent; stimulating the growth of apical dendrites. In both cases; the protein is vital for normal neuronal pattern development. Increased expression of this protein is associated with schizophrenia and is seen in a variety of human tumor cell lines.