Elabscience Protein

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Leptin is a hormone secreted from white adipocytes and plays important role in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin functions via signaling pathways involving OB-R in hypothalamus. Animal models have revealed the influence of Leptin in reducing body weight and regulating blood glucose level. When mutations are introduced in obese gene, mice with impaired function of leptin are massively obese and in high risk of diabetes. Leptin deficiency reduces metablic rate. Leptin deficient mice are less active and with lower body temperature than normal animals. Human Leptin shares approximately 84% sequence identity with the mouse protein. Human Leptin consists of 167 amino acid residue including a 21 amino acid residue signal sequence and 146 amino acid residue mature protein sequence.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

IL1B belongs to the IL-1 family. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a family of polypeptide cytokines consisting of two agonists, IL-1 alpha (IL-1F1) and IL-1 beta (IL-1F2) encoded by two distinct genes and perform identical biological functions. IL-1 stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL-1 proteins are involved in the inflammatory response. It is identified as endogenous pyrogens, and is reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

FGF-basic is a members of the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) family.The family constitutes a large family of proteins involved in many aspects of development including cell proliferation; growth; and differentiation. They act on several cell types to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis; cell growth; pattern formation; embryonic development; metabolic regulation; cell migration; neurotrophic effects; and tissue repair. FGF-basic is a non-glycosylated heparin binding growth factor that is expressed in the brain; pituitary; kidney; retina; bone; testis; adrenal gland liver; monocytes; epithelial cells and endothelial cells. FGF-basic signals through FGFR 1b; 1c; 2c; 3c and 4.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that is activated by interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and mediates most of the IL-4-induced gene expression. STAT6 plays a central role in exerting interleukin-4 (IL-4) mediated biological responses and is found to induce the expression of BCL2L1/BCL-XL, which is responsible for the anti-apoptotic activity of IL4. Transcriptional activation by STAT6 requires the interaction with coactivators like p300 and the CREB-binding protein (CBP). NF-κB and tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat6 can directly bind each other in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that the direct interaction between Stat6 and NF-κB may provide a basis for synergistic activation of transcription by IL-4 and activators of NF-κB.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. Known receptors bind S1 are ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; APN, aminopeptidase N; CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; Sia, sialic acid; O-ac Sia, O-acetylated sialic acid. The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. It's been reported that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. The main functions for the Spike protein are summarized as: Mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion; Defines the range of the hosts and specificity of the virus; Main component to bind with the neutralizing antibody; Key target for vaccine design; Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Wnt-3a is one of 19 vertebrate members of the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) family of highly conserved cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins important for normal developmental processes.Required for normal embryonic mesoderm development and formation of caudal somites. Required for normal morphogenesis of the developing neural tube (By similarity). Mediates self-renewal of the stem cells at the bottom on intestinal crypts (in vitro).

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Serum amyloid A-2 protein (SAA2) belongs to the SAA family. It expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. SAA2 functions as major acute phase reactant and could works as apolipoprotein of the HDL complex. Increased levels of A-SAA in serum are indicative of inflammatory disease. When highly expressed, SAA can displace ApoA1 as the major apolipoprotein in HDL complexes, weakening the function of HDL as a reverse (lipid clearing) cholesterol transporter. A highly charged region of SAA2 and SAA1 (aa 36-68) contains putative fibronectin- and laminin-binding motifs. This region also binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans at mildly acidic pH and promotes aggregation of A-SAA.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is secreted by macrophages; monocytes; neutrophils; T-cells; and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial LPS. Cells expressing CD4 secrete TNF-α while cells that express CD8 secrete little or no TNF-α. Synthesis of TNF-α can be induced by many different stimuli including interferons; IL2; and GM-CSF. The clinical use of the potent anti-tumor activity of TNF-α has been limited by the proinflammatory side effects such as fever; dose-limiting hypotension; hepatotoxicity; intravascular thrombosis; and hemorrhage. Designing clinically applicable TNF-α mutants with low systemic toxicity has been of intense pharmacological interest. Human TNF-α that binds to murine TNF-R55 but not murine TNF-R7; exhibits retained anti-tumor activity and reduced systemic toxicity in mice compared with murine TNF-α; which binds to both murine TNF receptors. Based on these results; many TNF-α mutants that selectively bind to TNF-R55 have been designed. These mutants displayed cytotoxic activities on tumor cell lines in vitro and have exhibited lower systemic toxicity in vivo. Recombinant Human TNF-α High Active Mutant differs from the wild-type by amino acid subsitution of amino acids 1-7 with Arg8; Lys9; Arg10 and Phe157. This mutant form has been shown to have increased activity with less inflammatory side effects in vivo.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

CD200 is a transmembrane immunoregulatory protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It contains one Ig like V type domain and one Ig like C2 type domain in its extracelluar domain. CD200 is widely but not ubiquitously expressed. Its receptor (CD200R) is restricted primarily to mast cells; basophils; macrophages; and dendritic cells; which suggests myeloid cell regulation as the major function of CD200. CD200 and CD200R associate via their respective N-terminal Ig-like domains. In myeloid cells; CD200R initiates inhibitory signals following receptor-ligand contact. In T cells; CD200 functions as a co-stimulatory molecule independent of the CD28 pathway. In addition; CD200 also plays an important role in prevention of graft rejection; autoimmune diseases and spontaneous abortion.