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Manufacturer: Elabscience

Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (TGM2) is a 78-kDa, calcium dependent enzyme,It belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily and transglutaminase family. The protein encoded by this TGM2 gene acts as a monomer, is induced by retinoic acid, and appears to be involved in apoptosis. TGM2 is the autoantigen implicated in celiac disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Transforming Growth Factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-β family. TGFβ-1 is abundantly expressed in bone; articular cartilage and chondrocytes and is increased in osteoarthritis (OA). TGFβ-1 performs many cellular functions; including the control of cell growth; cell proliferation; cell differentiation and apoptosis. The precursor is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature TGFβ-1 peptide. TGFβ-1 may also form heterodimers with other TGFβ family members. It has been found that TGFβ-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells. Mutations in this gene results in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a small 53 amino acid residue long protein that contains three disulfide bridges. It is a small mitogenic protein that is thought to be involved in mechanisms such as normal cell growth, oncogenesis, and wound healing. EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. This protein shows both strong sequential and functional homology with human type-alpha transforming growth factor (hTGF alpha), which is a competitor for EGF receptor sites.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Interleukin-2(IL-2) is an interleukin; a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system;belongs to the IL-2 family. It is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells; NK cells; lymphokine-activated killer cells; monocytes; macrophages and oligodendrocytes.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation; survival and gene expression. IL-4 is produced by mast cells; T cells; and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper Th2 cells; characterized by their cytokine-secretion profile that includes secretion of IL-4; IL-5; IL-6; IL-10; and IL-13; which favor a humoral immune response. Another dominant function of IL-4 is the regulation of immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. Excessive IL-4 production by Th2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergic response.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Human Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that regulates T cell and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. IL-15 binds to the alpha subunit of the IL15 receptor (IL-15RA) with high affinity. IL-15 also binds to the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2 receptor, but not the alpha subunit of the IL2 receptor. IL-15 is structurally and functionally related to IL-2. Both cytokines share some subunits of receptors, allowing them to compete for and negatively regulate each other's activity. The number of CD8+ memory T cells is controlled by a balance between IL-15 and IL-2. Despite their many overlapping functional properties, IL-2 and IL-15 are, in fact, quite distinct players in the immune system. IL-15 is constitutively expressed by a wide variety of cell types and tissues, including monocytes, macrophages and DCs. Mature Human IL-15 shares 70% amino acid sequence identity with Mouse and Rat IL-15.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

FGF-basic is a members of the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) family.The family constitutes a large family of proteins involved in many aspects of development including cell proliferation; growth; and differentiation. They act on several cell types to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis; cell growth; pattern formation; embryonic development; metabolic regulation; cell migration; neurotrophic effects; and tissue repair. FGF-basic is a non-glycosylated heparin binding growth factor that is expressed in the brain; pituitary; kidney; retina; bone; testis; adrenal gland liver; monocytes; epithelial cells and endothelial cells.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Human Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); also known as VEGF-A and vascular permeability factor (VPF); belongs to the platelet-derived growth factor family of cysteine-knot growth factors. It is a potent activator in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis both physiologically and pathologically. VEGF-A has 8 differently spliced isoforms; of which VEGF165 is the most abundant one. VEGF165 is a disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two glycosylated 165 amino acid polypeptide chains. VEGF stimulates the cellular response through binding to tyrosine kinase receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 on the cell surface. It is widely accepted that VEGFR2 mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF while the function of VEGFR1 is less defined and is thought to modulate the VEGFR2 signaling.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C (CD45), also known as PTPRC is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family which is known for its function to serve as signaling molecules and to regulate a variety of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, mitotic cycle and oncogenic transformation. It is a variably glycosylated 180-220 kDa transmembrane protein that is abundantly expressed on all nucleated cells of hematopoietic origin. CD45 has several isoforms, expressed according to cell type, developmental stage and antigenic exposure. CD45 has been best studied in T cells, where it determines T cell receptor signaling thresholds. CD45 is moved into or out of the immunological synapse (IS) membrane microdomain depending on the relative influence of interaction with the extracellular galectin lattice or the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Galectin interaction can be fine-tuned by varying usage of the heavily O-glycosylated spliced regions and sialylation of N-linked carbohydrates. Within the IS, CD45 dephosphorylates and negatively regulates the src family kinase, LCK. In other leukocytes, CD45 influences differentiation and links immunoreceptor signaling with cytokine secretion and cell survival, partially overlapping in function with DEP-1/CD148. CD45 deletion causes in severe immunodeficiency, while point mutations may be associated with autoimmune disorders.