Cell Mitochondrial Complex Ⅴ (F0F1-ATPase/ATP Synthase) Activity Assay Kit

Manufacturer: Elabscience

One-step TUNEL In Situ Apoptosis Kits are suitable for in situ apoptosis detection of tissue samples (paraffin-embedded, frozen section) and cell samples (cell smear, slide film), and the detection results can be directly observed by fluorescence microscope. Compared with the DAB colorimetric method, the experimental results of fluorescent TUNEL are fluorescent pictures, which are more intuitive and easy to be published in SCI articles.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Cytotoxicity Colorimetric Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K771-M) from Elabscience is designed to assess cell membrane integrity by measuring the release of LDH, an enzyme present in the cytoplasm. Elevated LDH levels in the culture medium indicate cell damage or death, making this assay valuable for evaluating cytotoxicity in various research applications.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K883-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of GPX4, an enzyme crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress. GPX4 catalyzes the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols, thereby protecting cells from lipid peroxidation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K650-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure PDH activity in various biological samples, including serum, plasma, urine, animal tissues, and cell cultures. PDH plays a pivotal role in cellular energy metabolism by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K083-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of α-KGDH, a crucial enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, a key step in cellular energy production.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Citrate Synthase (CS) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K178-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of citrate synthase, a key enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. CS catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, a fundamental step in cellular energy metabolism.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Mitochondrial Complex V (F₀F₁-ATPase/ATP Synthase) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K153-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of mitochondrial Complex V, also known as F₀F₁-ATPase or ATP synthase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in cellular energy production by synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH-CoQ Reductase) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K149-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of mitochondrial Complex I, also known as NADH-CoQ reductase, in animal tissue samples. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, facilitating the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (CoQ).

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Citric Acid (CA) Colorimetric Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K351-S) from Elabscience is designed to measure citric acid content in various samples, including tissue, mitochondria, and other liquid samples. This assay is particularly useful for studying metabolic pathways and energy production processes.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Mitochondrial Complex IV (Cytochrome C Oxidase) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K152-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of mitochondrial Complex IV, also known as cytochrome C oxidase, in animal tissue samples. This enzyme is a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, facilitating the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen, thereby playing a crucial role in cellular energy production.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Mitochondrial Complex II Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K150-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of mitochondrial Complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase, in animal tissue samples. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, contributing to cellular energy production.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Mitochondrial Complex III (Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome c Reductase) Activity Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K151-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure the activity of mitochondrial Complex III, also known as cytochrome c reductase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain by facilitating the transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q to cytochrome c, contributing to cellular energy production.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The Citric Acid (CA) Colorimetric Assay Kit (Catalog No. E-BC-K351-M) from Elabscience is designed to measure citric acid content in various samples, including tissues and mitochondria. This assay is essential for studying the citric acid cycle, a fundamental component of cellular energy metabolism.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Malate dehydrogenase widely exists in animals, plants, bacteria and other organisms, is one of the key enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle, catalyze between malic acid and oxaloacetic acid reversible conversion. MDH can be divided into NAD-dependent MDH and NADP-dependent MDH according to different coenzyme specificity. NAD-MDH usually exists in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. NAD-MDH catalyzes the conversion of substrate malic acid and NAD to oxaloacetic acid and NADH. NADH makes WST-8 orange under the action of electron coupling agent. The activity of NAD-MDH can be calculated by measuring the change of absorbance value at 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

SDH catalyzes the dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate, with electron transport materials transferring electrons to 2, 6-dichlorophenol indiophenol (DCPIP). Then, the reduced DCPIP is reduced to the oxidized DCPIP, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 600 nm. Therefore, the activity of SDH can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 600 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Under the activation of the activator, IDH converts isocitrate into α-ketoglutaric acid. Meanwhile, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, which under the action of hydrogen transmitter, transfer electrons to WST-8 to produce the yellow product. The activity of NAD-IDH can be calculated by measuring the change of absorbance value at 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex V is also known as F0F1-ATP synthase. ATP is hydrolyzed by F0F1-ATP synthase to produce ADP, and ADP converts NADH into oxidized coenzyme I (NAD) after enzyme conversion reaction. The activity of mitochondrial complex V can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 340 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Lipid peroxides (LPO) are substances produced by the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on unsaturated fatty acids. The LPO produced by the reaction will continue to oxidize the liposomes, thereby accumulating LPO in a chain reaction. Excess LPO decomposes into highly active aldehydes such as Acrolein, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-NHE), causing cell toxicity and cell death. This kit provides a fluorescent probe that can detect LPO production. This fluorescent probe can react with the lipid free radicals in the lipid peroxidation pathway, so as to detect the level of lipid peroxidation in cells. The probe fluoresces red under normal conditions through photoexcitation, and the fluorescence changes from red to green with the process of lipid peroxidation. Through the enhancement of green fluorescence intensity, the production of LPO can be detected with high sensitivity.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation consumes oxygen to produce ATP, which provides energy for cell growth. Therefore, detection of cellular oxygen consumption is a key indicator of mitochondrial function. The kit provides a fluorescent probe, which is sensitive to oxygen. The fluorescence of the probe increases with the decrease of oxygen in a closed environment, and the oxygen consumption rate of cells is judged by detecting the change of the fluorescence value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an iron-containing oxidoreductase found in plants and animals. The detection principle of this kit is as follows: LOX catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to produce fluorescence products, and the enzyme activity of LOX can be calculated according to the change of fluorescence value of fluorescence products at the excitation wavelength of 507 nm and the emission wavelength of 547 nm within a unit time.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is the main pathway of fatty acid decomposition in the body, which can supply a large amount of energy required by the organism. FAO is also the transformation process of fatty acids. The length of fatty acid chain required by the organism is different. Through oxidation, long-chain fatty acids can be transformed into fatty acids with suitable growth degree for the organism metabolism. The detection principle of this kit: FAO process consumes the substrate and NAD+, and generates NADH. Under the action of electron coupling agent and chromogenesis agent, the orange red substance is generated, which can be detected at 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Acetyl-CoA is an essential cofactor and acyl carrier in the enzymatic acetyl transfer reaction. It can be formed by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria, oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, or oxidative degradation of certain amino acids. Acetyl-CoA is the starting compound of the citric acid cycle. The detection principle of this kit is that Acetyl-CoA is converted into other substances under the condition of enzyme catalysis, and the resulting fluorescence is detected by fluorescence microplate reader at the maximum excitation wavelength of 535 nm and the maximum emission wavelength of 587 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

α-Ketoglutaric acid and alanine can be combined with fluorescent probe products under the action of a series of enzymes. The content of α-ketoglutaric acid in samples can be determined by measuring the fluorescence value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The probe in this kit has no fluorescence outside the cell. When it enters the cell, it will emit green fluorescence after hydrolysis by the intracellular ester. The fluorescence peaks at excitation wavelength 490 nm and emission wavelength 525 nm, and the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the calcium ion concentration.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

NADP-MDH catalyzes the conversion of malic acid and NADP+ to oxaloacetic acid and NADPH. NADPH makes WST-8 orange under the action of electron coupling agent. The activity of NADP-MDH can be calculated by measuring the change of absorbance value at 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex I catalyzes the reaction of NADH with ubiquinone substrate to generate NAD+ and reduced ubiquinone. The activity of mitochondrial complex I can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 340 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate-coenzyme Q reductase, is widely found in the mitochondria of animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells. It catalyzes the oxidation of succinic acid in the TCA cycle to fumaric acid, which converts the ubiquinone to a reduced form through the basic unit structures of the complex such as iron-sulfur proteins. Coenzyme Q, the catalytic product of mitochondrial complex II, can further reduce 2,6-dichloroindoxol, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 600 nm. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial complex II can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 600 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex IV, also known as cytochrome C oxidase, is one of the major enzymes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It oxidizes the reduced cytochrome C converted from mitochondrial complex III to oxidized cytochrome C and consumes oxygen to generate water. Mitochondrial complex IV can catalyze the oxidation of reduced cytochrome C to oxidized cytochrome C, which has an absorption wavelength at 550 nm. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial complex IV can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 550 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The fluorescent probe provided in this kit specifically targets mitochondria in living cells, which are oxidized by mitochondrial superoxides to produce bright red fluorescence. The probe excited at 396 nm can specifically detect superoxide of supermitochondria, and the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also be detected using the excitation wavelength of 510 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Ferroptosis inhibitory protein-1(FSP-1) induce non-caspase-dependent apoptosis based on factors such as C-terminal fragment of amino acid series, nuclear translocation and overexpression. Through the FSP1-CoQ10-NAD(P)H pathway and the classical glutathione (GSH)-GPX4 pathway, FSP-1 can protect cells from ferroptosis, and plays a "double-edged sword" role in cell life activities. The detection principle of this kit: FSP-1 catalyzes the substrate reaction to generate NADH, so that its fluorescence value increases under the excitation wavelength of 535 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Adding inhibitors will inhibit the activity of FSP-1 and cause the rate of increase in fluorescence value to decrease, and the activity of FSP-1 can be calculated by measuring the difference value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glycolysis is an important ATP generation pathway in eukaryotic cells. Glycolytic stress testing can directly measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) to evaluate the changes of glycolytic process in living cells, and can obtain key parameters for a comprehensive assessment of glycolytic pathway, including: glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve and non-glycolytic acidification. This kit uses 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and oligomycin to facilitate in-depth analysis of cellular glycolytic flux: 2-DG quantifies nonglycolytic extracellular acidification (ECA) by blocking glycolysis through competitive hexokinase inhibition; Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthetase and therefore prevents aerobic ATP production, forcing the cell to increase glycolytic flux to meet ATP demand. Such compensatory glycolysis levels achievable under the test conditions could reveal glycolytic perturbations that are not apparent under basal conditions and help assess glycolytic capacity with limited ATP demand.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Abnormal accumulation of cellular cuprous in cells induces the oligomerization of key components of the lipoic acid-modified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which affects the tricarboxylic acid cycle, triggers proteotoxic stress, and induces cell death. Cellular cuprous can catalyze the substrate to produce fluorescent substances, and the higher the copper ion concentration, the more fluorescent substances are generated per unit time. The fluorescence delete can be detected at the excitation wavelength of 395 nm and emission wavelength of 480 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Aconitase (ACO) is an important Fe/S protein enzyme in cells, which mainly exists in cytoplasm and mitochondria. ACO catalyzes the reversible reaction of citric acid to isocitric acid from the intermediate product cisaconite acid in the cell, which plays an important role through maintaining the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylic acid cycle. Aconitase catalyzes isocitrate to produce cis-aconitase. Cis-aconitase has a characteristic absorption peak at 240 nm. The activity of this enzyme was calculated by measuring the production rate of cis-aconitase.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is one of the central enzymes in nitrogen metabolism With ATP consumption, GS catalyzes glutamate to produce glutamine. The latter is an amino donor of various nitrogenous substances such as proteins, nucleic acids and various coenzymes. As a conditionally essential amino acid for the human body, the production of glutamine has received extensive attention in recent years. GS catalyzes ammonium ion and glutamic acid to synthesize amide, and produces chromogenic substance under the action of invertase and chromogenic agent. The maximum absorption peak is at 570 nm. The activity of GS in samples is calculated by measuring OD value at 570 nm and standard curve.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy phosphate compound, which is the most direct energy source in the body, and its content is directly related to the state of energy metabolism in the body. Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the generation of glucose and ATP into glucose-6-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) further catalyzes the dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH. NADPH can react with the color developer, and the product has a characteristic absorption peak at 460 nm to determine the ATP content.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

As an organelle, mitochondria is the "power factory" in cells and the main site of aerobic respiration of cells. Its function is to convert energy through oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for cellular activities. The oxidation process is carried out by four respiratory chain membrane protein complexes (complexes I, II, III and IV) on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial complex III, also known as cytochrome c reductase complex, its main function is to oxidize the reduced coenzyme Q10 formed by mitochondrial complexes I and II to oxidative coenzyme Q10. In this process, the OD value increased at 550 nm. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial complex III can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 550 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Oxaloacetic acid (OAA), one of the intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is an important substance in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Oxaloacetate reacts with substrate acetyl-coA under the action of enzyme. The substance produced can react with DTNB, which has the maximum absorption peak at 412 nm. The content of oxaloacetate can be determined by measuring the absorbance value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Succinic acid, also known as succinic acid, is widely present in all plant and animal tissues, was first extracted from amber, is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, and plays an important role in the production of energy in cells. Succinate, or succinate, is widely used in the agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries due to its low toxicity. Succinic acid is catalyzed by enzyme reagent to form colored substance with color developer. The maximum absorption is at 555 nm. The content of succinic acid in samples can be calculated by measuring OD value and standard curve at 555 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

L-malic acid, also known as 2-hydroxysuccinic acid, is widely present in living organisms. It has two stereoisomers and is one of the members of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, an important metabolic cycle in living organisms. The detection principle of this kit is that the enzyme catalyzes malic acid to produce oxaloacetic acid. At the same time, under the action of electronic coupler, the chromogenic agent is reduced to produce orange yellow product, which has the maximum absorption peak at about 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Coenzyme A (CoA) is composed of units derived from cysteine, pantothenic acid, and ATP. It plays an important role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, pyruvate oxidation in the citric acid cycle, and other biological processes. The enzymatic reaction of Coenzyme A produces NADH, and the chromogenic substance produced by reaction with the chromogenic agent has a characteristic absorption peak at 450 nm. The content of CoA in the sample can be determined by detecting the absorbance.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Fumarase (FUM), also known as malate lyase, fumarate hydrase or fumarase, is an important enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which can catalyze the hydration of fumarase to synthesize malic acid. FUM is a kind of intracellular enzyme that exists widely in plants and animals. The detection principle of this kit: fumarase catalyze fumaric acid products under the action of electronic coupler to reduce the chromogenic reagent to orange products, detection at about 450 nm has the maximum absorption peak.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Phytic acid, also known as inositol hexaphosphate, is widely found in cereals, beans, and vegetables. The detection principle of this kit: Phytic acid generates inorganic phosphorus under the catalysis of enzyme. Under acidic conditions, inorganic phosphorus reacts with ammonium molybdate to produce blue molybdenum blue substance, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 700 nm. By measuring the content of inorganic phosphorus, the phytic acid content can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Triglycerides (TG) can be hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into glycerol and free fatty acids. Glycerol produces glycerol-3-phosphate and ADP under the catalysis of glycerol kinase (GK). Glycerol-3-phosphate produces hydrogen peroxide under the action of glycerol phosphate oxidase (GPO). In the presence of 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol, hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by peroxidase (POD) to produce quinones which is proportional to the content of TG.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

ABTS is oxidized to green ABTS+ by appropriate oxidant, which can be reduced to colorless ABTS in the presence of antioxidants. The TAS of the sample can be determined and calculated by measuring the absorbance of ABTS+ at 660 nm. Trolox is an analog of VE and has a similar antioxidant state to that of VE. Trolox is used as a reference substance for total antioxidant status.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

MDA in the catabolite of lipid peroxide can react with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and produce red compound, which has a maximum absorption peak at 532 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Under acid conditions, the oxidizing material in the sample can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+, which binds highly with xylenol orange to produce a blue-purple complex. When the pH of solution is in the range of 2-3, its maximum absorption wavelength is around 590 nm, and the color depth is proportional to the content of oxidation substances in a certain concentration and a certain time, so as to indirectly calculate the total oxidation state of the sample.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Under the alkaline condition, the sodium tetraphenylborate reacts with the potassium ions in the sample to form the potassium tetraphenylborate which is white and small particles with small solubility. Potassium tetraphenylborate particles are in a stable suspension state in the solution. The turbidity is proportional to the potassium ion concentration in the sample and potassium content can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 450 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

ALT catalyze the amino conversion reaction between alanine and α-ketoglutaric acid to produce pyruvic acid and glutamic acid at pH 7.4 and 37°C. Then phenylhydrazine was added to form phenylhydrazone with pyruvic acid. Phenylhydrazone is reddish brown under alkaline conditions. ALT activity can be calculated by measuring the OD values at 510 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Using coenzyme I as a hydrogen carrier, LDH catalyze lactic acid to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate reacted with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form pyruvate dinitrophenylhydrazone, which was red-brown in alkaline solution, and the color depth was proportional to pyruvate concentration. The activity of LDH could be calculated by measuring OD value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The reaction that catalase (CAT) decomposes H2O2 can be quickly stopped by ammonium molybdate. The residual H2O2 reacts with ammonium molybdate to generate a yellowish complex. CAT activity can be calculated by production of the yellowish complex at 405 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Cu2+ can be reduced to Cu+ by protein in alkaline condition. Cu+ can combine with BCA reagent and form purple complex, which has a maximum absorption peak at 562 nm. The absorbance value is proportional to the protein concentration. Therefore, the protein concentration can be calculated according to the OD value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Reduced GSH can react with Dinitrobenzoic acid (DNTB) to form a yellow complex which can be detected by colorimetric assay at 405 nm and calculate the reduced GSH content indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

DCFH-DA (2,7-dichlorofuorescin diacetate) is a fluorescent probe without fluorescence that can freely cross the membrane. After entering the cell, it can be hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase to form DCFH (dichlorofluorescin). In the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DCFH is oxidized to DCF (dichlorofluorescein) which is a strong green fluorescent substance that cannot penetrate the cell membrane. DCF has a maximum wave peak near the excitation wavelength of 502 nm and the emission wavelength of 525 nm, and the intensity is proportional to the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

GSSG is reduced to GSH by glutathione reductase, and GSH can react with DTNB to produce GSSG and yellow TNB. The amount of total glutathione (GSSG+GSH) determines the amount of yellow TNB. Thus the total glutathione can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 412 nm. The content of GSSG can be determined by first removing GSH from the sample with appropriate reagent and then using the above reaction principle.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Total cholesterol includes free cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Cholesterol ester can be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acid. Cholesterol is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to produce △4-cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of 4-aminoamylpyridine and phenol, hydrogen peroxide catalyze peroxidase to form red quinone compounds of benzoquinone imine phenizone.The color depth of the generated quinone is directly proportional to the cholesterol content. The absorbance values of the standard tube and the sample tube are measured respectively, and the cholesterol content in the sample can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

AST/GOT enables alpha-ketoglutaric acid and aspartic acid to displace amino and keto groups to form glutamic acid and oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid can decarboxylate itself to form Pyroracemic acid during the reaction. Pyroracemic acid reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH) to form 2,4, dinitrophenylhydrazone showing reddish brown in alkaline solution. Measure the OD values and calculate the enzyme activity.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The activity of SOD was measured by WST-1 method in this kit and the principles of the WST-1 is as follows. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) can catalyze WST-1 react with O2.- to generate a water-soluble formazan dye. SOD can catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide anions, so the reaction can be inhibited by SOD, and the activity of SOD is negatively correlated with the amount of formazan dye. Therefore, the activity of SOD can be determined by the colorimetric analysis of WST-1 products.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The coloured substance have a maximum absorption peak at 546 nm. Measure the OD value at 546 nm and the LDL-C content in the sample can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) can promote the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced glutathione to produce H2O and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The activity of glutathione peroxidase can be expressed by the rate of enzymatic reaction. The activity of glutathione can be calculated by measuring the consumption of reduced glutathione. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced glutathione can react without catalysis of GSH-Px, so the portion of GSH reduction by non-enzymatic reaction should be subtracted. GSH can react with dinitrobenzoic acid to produce 5-thio-dinitrobenzoic acid anion, which showed a stable yellow color. Measure the absorbance at 412nm, and calculate the amount of GSH.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

A variety of antioxidant macromolecules, antioxidant molecules and enzymes in a system can eliminate all kinds of reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. The total level reflect the total antioxidant capacity in the system. Many antioxidants in the body can reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and Fe2+ can form stable complexes with phenanthroline substance. The antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) can be calculated by measuring the absorbance at 520 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

MDA in the catabolite of lipid peroxide can react with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and produce red compound, which has a maximum absorption peak at 532 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The magnesium in the serum reacts with the complexometric indicator (Calmagite) to form the Calmagite-Mg compound. The absorbance of this compound at 540 nm is proportional to the concentration of magnesium in the sample. The concentration of magnesium can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 540 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The principle of the ABTS method for determining the T-AOC is as follows. ABTS is oxidized to green ABTS+ by appropriate oxidant, which can be inhibited if there exist antioxidants. The T-AOC of the sample can be determined and calculated by measuring the absorbance of ABTS+ at 414 nm or 734 nm. Trolox is an analog of VE and has a similar antioxidant capacity to that of VE. Trolox is used as a reference for other antioxidant antioxidants. For example, the T-AOC of Trolox is 1, then the antioxidant capacity of the other substance with the same concentration is showed by the ratio of its antioxidant capacity to Trolox antioxidant capacity.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Alkaline phosphatase decompose benzene disodium phosphate to produce free phenol and phosphoric acid. Phenol react with 4-aminopyrline in alkaline solution and oxidizes with potassium ferricyanide to form red quinone derivative. The enzyme activity can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The color depth of the generated quinones is directly proportional to the triglyceride content. The absorbance values of the standard tube and the sample tube are measured respectively, and the triglyceride content in the sample can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Total cholesterol includes free cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Cholesterol ester can be hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acid. Cholesterol is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to produce △4-cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of 4-aminoamylpyridine and phenol, hydrogen peroxide catalyze peroxidase to form red quinone compounds of benzoquinone imine phenizone.The color depth of the generated quinone is directly proportional to the cholesterol content. The absorbance values of the standard tube and the sample tube are measured respectively, and the cholesterol content in the sample can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

TBARS and TBA can react under high temperature and acid conditions and then form a pink compound, the concentration of which is linearly related to the concentration of TBARS in the sample. The TBARS concentration can be calculated by measuring the OD values at 530-540 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Creatinine (Cr) can be catalyzed by creatinase and generates creatine. Creatine can be hydrolyzed into sarcosine and urea by creatinase. The sarcosine can be catalyzed by sarcosine oxidase and form glycine, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide, 2,4-(6-Tri-iodine-3- hydroxybenzoic acid) and 4-ampyrone can be catalyzed by peroxidase and form pink compound. Creatinine content can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 515 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Calcium ion in the sample bind to Methyl Thymol Blue (MTB) in alkaline solution and form blue complex. The blue complex has a specific absorption peak at 715 nm and calcium content can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 610 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The reaction that catalase (CAT) decomposes H2O2 can be quickly stopped by ammonium molybdate. The residual H2O2 reacts with ammonium molybdate to generate a yellowish complex. CAT activity can be calculated by production of the yellowish complex at 405 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Myeloperoxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide to a complex. The complex react with o-dianisidine (as hydrogen donor) to produce a yellow product which has a maximum absorption peak at 460 nm. The activity of MPO can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 460 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Using NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor, LDH catalyzes the conversion of both lactate and NAD+ into pyruvic acid and NADH respectively. 1-Methoxy-5-methyl phenazine methyl sulfate (PMS) transfers hydrogen from NADH to NBT which deoxidize into purple chromogenic substrate. Lactic acid content can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 530 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) can promote the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced glutathione to produce H2O and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The activity of glutathione peroxidase can be expressed by the rate of enzymatic reaction. The activity of glutathione can be calculated by measuring the consumption of reduced glutathione. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced glutathione can react without catalysis of GSH-Px, so the portion of GSH reduction by non-enzymatic reaction should be subtracted. GSH can react with dinitrobenzoic acid to produce 5-thio-dinitrobenzoic acid anion, which showed a stable yellow color. Measure the absorbance at 412nm, and calculate the amount of GSH.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

NO is easily oxidized to form NO2- in vivo or in aqueous solution, and a reddish azo compound is formed with the color developing agent, and the concentration of the azo compound is linearly related to the concentration of NO. The concentration of NO can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 550 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glucose oxidase can catalyze the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid to produce hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of chromogenic oxygen receptors, peroxidase catalyzes hydrogen peroxide and oxidizes pigment sources to form colored substances. Measure the OD value at 505 nm and glucose content can be calculated indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The superoxide anion free radical (O2-) can be produced by xanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction system, O2- oxidize hydroxylamine to form nitrite, it turn to purple under the reaction of developer. When the measured samples containing SOD, the SOD can specifically inhibit superoxide anion free radical (O2-). The inhibitory effect of SOD can reduce the formation of nitrite, the absorbance value of sample tube is lower than control tube. Calculate the SOD of sample according to the computational formula.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

AchE catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to form choline, and choline react with dithio p-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to form 5-mercapto-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB). TNB has an absorption peak at 412nm. And the activity of AchE is calculated by measuring the increasing rate of absorbance at 412nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

CM, VLDL and LDL coagulate in a polyanionic environment to form a polymer and are masked by the polymer. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) form soluble compounds under the action of a surfactant, so that HDL-C can directly react with enzyme reagents containing cholesterol esterase (CE) and cholesterol oxidase (CO) to produce hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by oxidase (POD) in the presence of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) and phenol (T-OOS) to form a red quinone compound. The coloured substance have a maximum absorption peak at 546 nm. Measure the OD value at 546 nm and the HDL-C content in the sample can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

A variety of antioxidant macromolecules, antioxidant molecules and enzymes in a system can eliminate all kinds of reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. The total level reflect the total antioxidant capacity in the system. Many antioxidants in the body can reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and Fe2+ can form stable complexes with phenanthroline substance. The antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) can be calculated by measuring the absorbance at 520 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Iron is one of the metal elements in organism and has important physiological functions. Ferrous ion is a key element in heme and hemoglobin and plays an important role in many biochemical reactions. Under the action of reductant, iron ions in samples can be reduced into ferrous ions (Fe2+). The latter then bind to probe and form complexes, which has a maximum absorption peak at 593 nm. The concentration of iron can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 593 nm indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Under the condition of weak acidity, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) react with nantokite to form copper soap, which has a specific absorption peak at 715nm. The content of NEFA can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 715 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The content of protein carbonyl increased after oxidation, and the carbonyl group reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form a reddish brown precipitate. The absorbance can be measured at 370 nm after the precipitation is dissolved. The carbonyl content can be calculated indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The superoxide anion free radical (O2-) can be produced by xanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction system, O2- oxidize hydroxylamine to form nitrite, it turn to purple under the reaction of developer. When the measured samples containing SOD, the SOD can specifically inhibit superoxide anion free radical (O2-). The inhibitory effect of SOD can reduce the formation of nitrite, the absorbance value of sample tube is lower than control tube. Calculate the SOD of sample according to the computational formula.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The most obvious chemical activity of VC is that reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, then promote iron absorption in the intestine, promote the storage and utilization of iron. Fe3+ react immediately with reducing ascorbic acid to form Fe2+. then Fe2+ react with phenanthroline and the color developing reaction occurs. The content of vitamin C in sample can be determined. Measure the OD value and calculate the VC content indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Urea can be decomposed into ammonia ion and carbon dioxide by urease. Ammonia ion can react with amphyl and form a green substance in alkaline medium, and the production of the green substance is proportional to the urea content which can be calculated with the colorimetric assay at 580 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

In acidic condition, the copper ion in the sample react with complexing agent to form a purple complex which has a maximum absorption peak at 580 nm. And copper ion content can be calculated indirectly by measuring the OD value at 580 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Iron is one of the metal elements in organism and has important physiological functions. Ferrous ion is a key element in heme and hemoglobin and plays an important role in many biochemical reactions. Ferrous ions (Fe2+) in samples can bind with probe to form complexes, which has a maximum absorption peak at 593 nm. The concentration of ferrous ions can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 593 nm indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

γ-GT catalyzes the transfer of gamma glutamyl group from glutamyl p-nitroaniline to N-glycyl glycine to produce p-nitroaniline, which has characteristic absorption peak at 405 nm. The activity of γ-GT can be calculated according to the changing rate of absorbance value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Free fatty acids produce acyl coenzyme A in the presence of acyl synthase, which produces hydrogen peroxide in the presence of acyl oxidase. In the presence of the enzyme and probe, hydrogen peroxide react to produce the fluorescence substrate. The fluorescence intensity at the excitation wavelength of 535 nm and emission wavelength of 590 nm is directly proportional to the concentration of free fatty acids.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

MDA in the catabolite of lipid peroxide can react with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and produce red compound, which has a maximum absorption peak at 532 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Blood protein can be precipitated with protein precipitator, and enzyme activity will be destroyed, which can prevent the formation of free ammonia in vitro. Most interfering color substances were removed at the same time, indigo was formed in non-protein filtrate by Berthelot reaction, and the color depth was proportional to the content of blood ammonia. Blood ammonia content can be determined by comparing with standard solution.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

β-galactosidase activated by sodium ions can catalyze glycoside analogues to produce glycoside and o-nitrophenol. The increase of absorbance is determined at 405 nm, and the content of sodium ion is calculated indirectly.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glycerol is transformed by enzyme to produce hydrogen peroxide, which is catalyzed by oxidase in the presence of 4-amino-antipyrprid and phenol to produce red quinones, the color of which is proportional to the content of glycerol.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Using NAD+ as H+ receptor, D-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reaction of D-lactic acid and NAD+ to generate pyruvic acid and NADH respectively. NBT is reduced to a kind of purple compound during the reaction. Measure the OD value at 530 nm, and the concentration of D-lactic acid can be calculated.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Creatine Kinase catalyzes adenosine triphosphate and creatine to produce creatine phosphate, then detected by phosphomolybdic acid colorimetry.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

DPPH is a synthetic organic free radical that can be used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of antioxidants. Its single electron has the maximum absorption at 525 nm, and the DPPH radical scavenging ability of the sample can be calculated by measuring the change of OD value before and after the addition of antioxidants.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) can catalyze the reaction between ascorbic acid (ASA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ASA can be oxidized to monodehydroascorbic acid (MDASA). The absorbance of solution at 290 nm will decline as the oxidation of ASA. The APX activity can be calculated by detecting the decrease of A290.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Fe3+ can be deoxidized to Fe2+ by VE with ferroin existing. Fe2+ can react with phenanthroline and form pink compound under certain condition. VE content can be calculated by measuring the OD value at 532 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

With S-NAD+ as hydrogen receptor, 3α-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase catalyzed the dehydrogenation of bile acids to produce 3-ketone steroids, transforming S-NAD+ into S-NADH. Meanwhile, NADH was used as hydrogen donor. 3α-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase catalyzed the production of bile acids from 3-ketone steroids. Through the enzyme cycle reaction, S-NADH is continuously generated, which has the maximum absorption peak at 405 nm. Measure the OD value at 405 nm and the changes of absorbance is proportional to the concentration of bile acid.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Diamine oxidase can catalyse amine substances to produce hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide can react with the chromogenic substance to produce chromogenic substance, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 460 nm. The activity of diamine oxidase can be calculated by measuring the change rate of absorbance per unit time.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Phosphotungstic acid can be reduced by Cys and form tungsten blue, which has an absorption peak at 600 nm. Cys content can be calculated with the absorbance at 600 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Annexin V is a member of the annexin family, which binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium-dependent manner. The Annexin V-labeled fluorescein bind specifically to the PS on the outer leaflet apoptotic cell membrane and can be detected with flow cytometry or fluorescence microscope. Nuclear dyes (PI, DAPI, 7-AAD) have a high DNA binding constant and is efficiently excluded by intact cells. It is useful for DNA analysis and dead cell discrimination during flow cytometric analysis. Due to late apoptosis or loss of membrane integrity in necrotic cells, nuclear dyes can enter cells to stain DNA, and when used in combination with Annexin V, cells in different apoptotic stages can be distinguished.