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Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, C19H28O5 S, (5-androsten-3ß, 16a-diol-17-one sulfate, DHEA-S) is the major C19 steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, and is a precursor in testosterone and estrogen biosynthesis. It is produced by the addition of a sulfate group to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), catalyzed by the sulfotransferase enzymes, SULT1A1 and SULT1E1, which also produce estrone sulfate from estrone. DHEA sulfate can also be back-converted to DHEA through the action of steroid sulfatase. DHEA-S has relatively low androgenic activity due to the 17-ketone group rather than hydroxyl group1 . However the bioactivity of DHEA-S may be high due to its high serum concentrations at 100-1,000-fold higher than testosterone or DHEA and its weak affinity for sex-hormone binding globulin2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated in vivo and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, a process held in check only by the existence of multiple antioxidant and repair systems as well as the replacement of damaged nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Intracellular free radical species (ROS) are produced as a result of normal metabolism and extracellular forms are produced as a result of ultraviolet radiation or ionizing radiation.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide of 21 amino acid residues, is a pleiotropic molecule known for its action as a potent vasoconstrictor1 . ET-1 is one of a family of three proteins encoded by distinct genes that also includes Endothelin-2 (ET-2) and Endothelin-3 (ET-3)2, 3. ET-2 and ET-3 differ from ET-1 by 2 and 6 amino acids, respectively1, 2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Epiandrosterone, or 3ß-androsterone, also known as 3ß-hydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one or 5α-androstan-3ß-ol17-one, is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is a natural metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) via the 5α-reductase enzyme. It was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over 17,000 litres of male urine, from which they got 50 milligrams of crystalline androsterone (most likely mixed isomers), which was sufficient to determine the chemical formula.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

17β-Estradiol, C18H24O2, also known as E2 or oestradiol (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 17β-diol) is a key regulator of growth, differentiation, and function in a wide array of tissues, including the male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, brain, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. The predominant biological effects of E2 are mediated through two distinct intracellular receptors, ERa and ERβ, each encoded by unique genes possessing the functional domain characteristics of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Estrone, C18H22O2, also known as E1 or osterone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one) is a C-18 steroid hormone. Estrone is one of the three naturally occurring estrogens, the others being estradiol and estriol1. Estrone is produced primarily from androstenedione originating from the gonads or the adrenal cortex and from estradiol by 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Estrone-3-glucuronide, C24H30O8, (1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol-17-one glucosiduronate, E1G) is the principle secreted form of circulating estradiol in mammals. Ovulation is the critical event of each menstrual cycle that occurs during the reproductive life of healthy females and the ovum can only be fertilized during the short period of time in which it is viable.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP [formerly known as brain natriuretic peptide]) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family, which also includes atrial-NP (ANP) and C-type NP (CNP).1,3 BNP was originally discovered in porcine brain and later identified in the heart and blood circulation.1

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornel Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. Oxytocin is a neurohypophysial peptide produced in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. The molecule consists of nine amino acids linked with a [1-6] disulfide bond and a semi-flexible carboxyamidated tail.