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Manufacturer: Elabscience

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 (TNFSF10), also known as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Apo-2 ligand, and CD253, is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. TNFSF10 functions as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis. TNFSF10 shows homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. As one member of the cluster of differentiation system, TNFSF10 is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion TNFSF10 binds to several members of TNF receptor superfamily including TNFRSF10A / TRAILR1, TNFRSF10B / TRAILR2, TNFRSF10C / TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D / TRAILR4, and possibly also to TNFRSF11B/OPG. The activity of TNFSF10 / TRAIL may be modulated by binding to the decoy receptors TNFRSF10C / TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4, and TNFRSF11B/OPG that cannot induce apoptosis. The binding of this protein to its receptors has been shown to trigger the activation of MAPK8 / JNK, caspase 8, and caspase 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. EGF contains 9 EGF-like domains and 9 LDL-receptor class B repeats. Human EGF is a 6045-Da protein with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. As a low-molecular-weight polypeptide, EGF was first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then it was found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. It can also be found in human platelets, macrophages, urine, saliva, milk, and plasma. EGF is a growth factor that stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. It results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. The tyrosine kinase activity, in turn, initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell - a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR - that ultimately lead to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is a secreted multifunctional glycoprotein. Its putative functions include roles in bone metabolism, immune regulation, wound healing, cell survival, and tumor progression. Based on gene structure and chromosomal location, SPP1 is a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family that also includes bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), enamelin (ENAM), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). SPP1 is expressed in bone, although it is also expressed in other tissues. SPP1 acts as a cytokine that is involved in enhancing production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 and reducing production of interleukin-10. It is essential in the pathway that leads to type I immunity. Osteopontin has been implicated as an important factor in bone remodeling. Specifically, research suggests it plays a role in anchoring osteoclasts to the mineral matrix of bones. The fact that SPP1 interacts with multiple cell surface receptors which are ubiquitously expressed makes it an active player in many physiological and pathological processes including wound healing, bone turnover, tumorigenesis, inflammation and ischemia. Therefore, manipulation of plasma Osteopontin levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Activin receptor type-1; also known as Activin receptor type I; Activin receptor-like kinase 2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R1; TGF-B superfamily receptor type I; ACVRLK2 and ACVR1; is a single-pass type I membrane protein. ACVR1 is expressed in normal parenchymal cells; endothelial cells; fibroblasts and tumor-derived epithelial cells. ACVR1 belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins; composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region; a transmembrane domain; and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding; resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. ACVR1 signals a particular transcriptional response in concert with activin type II receptors.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Estrogen Receptor is a major ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Estrogen Receptor is composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but they also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2) is a secreted protein and belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family. FGF2 is produced by epithelial; tumor and other cell types. It involved in developmental processes and regulates differentiation; proliferation; and migration; FGF2 is a critical factor for growing embryonic stem cells in culture without inducing differentiation. FGF2 has a high affinity for heparan sulfate and binding is a step in the FGF basic activation of FGFR tyrosine kinase.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells; B cells; macrophages; mast cells; endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophage progenitors; GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid; megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. On mature hematopoietic; monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on non-hematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally; GM-CSF can also stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines; including osteogenic sarcoma; carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Haptoglobin(HP) is a secreted protein which is a member of the peptidase S1 family of serine proteases. As a result of hemolysis; hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures; and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an Antimicrobial; Antioxidant has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidely cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway. Uncleaved haptoglogin; also known as zonulin; plays a role in intestinal permeability; allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly; and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

IFNγ is the major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally different from type I interferon and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens in cells that do not normally produce them; leading to autoimmune disease. Interferon gamma is produced mainly byT-cells and natural killer cells activated by antigens; mitogens; or alloantigens. It is produced by lymphocytes expressing the surface antigens CD4 and CD8. IFNγ synthesis is induced by IL-2; FGF-basic; and EGF.