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Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex I catalyzes the reaction of NADH with ubiquinone substrate to generate NAD+ and reduced ubiquinone. The activity of mitochondrial complex I can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 340 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate-coenzyme Q reductase, is widely found in the mitochondria of animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells. It catalyzes the oxidation of succinic acid in the TCA cycle to fumaric acid, which converts the ubiquinone to a reduced form through the basic unit structures of the complex such as iron-sulfur proteins. Coenzyme Q, the catalytic product of mitochondrial complex II, can further reduce 2,6-dichloroindoxol, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 600 nm. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial complex II can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 600 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Mitochondrial complex IV, also known as cytochrome C oxidase, is one of the major enzymes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It oxidizes the reduced cytochrome C converted from mitochondrial complex III to oxidized cytochrome C and consumes oxygen to generate water. Mitochondrial complex IV can catalyze the oxidation of reduced cytochrome C to oxidized cytochrome C, which has an absorption wavelength at 550 nm. Therefore, the activity of mitochondrial complex IV can be quantified by measure the change OD value at 550 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

The fluorescent probe provided in this kit specifically targets mitochondria in living cells, which are oxidized by mitochondrial superoxides to produce bright red fluorescence. The probe excited at 396 nm can specifically detect superoxide of supermitochondria, and the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also be detected using the excitation wavelength of 510 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Ferroptosis inhibitory protein-1(FSP-1) induce non-caspase-dependent apoptosis based on factors such as C-terminal fragment of amino acid series, nuclear translocation and overexpression. Through the FSP1-CoQ10-NAD(P)H pathway and the classical glutathione (GSH)-GPX4 pathway, FSP-1 can protect cells from ferroptosis, and plays a "double-edged sword" role in cell life activities. The detection principle of this kit: FSP-1 catalyzes the substrate reaction to generate NADH, so that its fluorescence value increases under the excitation wavelength of 535 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Adding inhibitors will inhibit the activity of FSP-1 and cause the rate of increase in fluorescence value to decrease, and the activity of FSP-1 can be calculated by measuring the difference value.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glycolysis is an important ATP generation pathway in eukaryotic cells. Glycolytic stress testing can directly measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) to evaluate the changes of glycolytic process in living cells, and can obtain key parameters for a comprehensive assessment of glycolytic pathway, including: glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve and non-glycolytic acidification. This kit uses 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and oligomycin to facilitate in-depth analysis of cellular glycolytic flux: 2-DG quantifies nonglycolytic extracellular acidification (ECA) by blocking glycolysis through competitive hexokinase inhibition; Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthetase and therefore prevents aerobic ATP production, forcing the cell to increase glycolytic flux to meet ATP demand. Such compensatory glycolysis levels achievable under the test conditions could reveal glycolytic perturbations that are not apparent under basal conditions and help assess glycolytic capacity with limited ATP demand.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Abnormal accumulation of cellular cuprous in cells induces the oligomerization of key components of the lipoic acid-modified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which affects the tricarboxylic acid cycle, triggers proteotoxic stress, and induces cell death. Cellular cuprous can catalyze the substrate to produce fluorescent substances, and the higher the copper ion concentration, the more fluorescent substances are generated per unit time. The fluorescence delete can be detected at the excitation wavelength of 395 nm and emission wavelength of 480 nm.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Aconitase (ACO) is an important Fe/S protein enzyme in cells, which mainly exists in cytoplasm and mitochondria. ACO catalyzes the reversible reaction of citric acid to isocitric acid from the intermediate product cisaconite acid in the cell, which plays an important role through maintaining the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylic acid cycle. Aconitase catalyzes isocitrate to produce cis-aconitase. Cis-aconitase has a characteristic absorption peak at 240 nm. The activity of this enzyme was calculated by measuring the production rate of cis-aconitase.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is one of the central enzymes in nitrogen metabolism With ATP consumption, GS catalyzes glutamate to produce glutamine. The latter is an amino donor of various nitrogenous substances such as proteins, nucleic acids and various coenzymes. As a conditionally essential amino acid for the human body, the production of glutamine has received extensive attention in recent years. GS catalyzes ammonium ion and glutamic acid to synthesize amide, and produces chromogenic substance under the action of invertase and chromogenic agent. The maximum absorption peak is at 570 nm. The activity of GS in samples is calculated by measuring OD value at 570 nm and standard curve.