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Manufacturer: Elabscience

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a secreted heparin-binding glycoprotein whose expression is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell migration. CHI3L1 is expressed at high levels in postconfluent nodular VSMC cultures and at low levels in subconfluent proliferating cultures. CHI3L1 is a tissue-restricted, chitin-binding lectin and member of glycosyl hydrolase family 18. In contrast to many other monocyto / macrophage markers, its expression is absent in monocytes and strong induced during late stages of human macrophage differentiation. Elevated levels of CHI3L1 are associated with disorders exhibiting increased connective tissue turnover, such as rheum atoid, arthritis, osteoarthritis, scleroderma, and cirrhosis of liver, but is produced in cartilage from old donors or patiens with osteoarthritis. CHI3L1 is abnormally expressed in the hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia and may be involved in the cellular response to various environmental events that are reported to increase the risk of schizophrenia.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (serpin E1) is a serine protease inhibitor which belongs to the serpin family. Serpin E1 acts as 'bait' for tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, protein C and matriptase-3/TMPRSS7. Its rapid interaction with PLAT may function as a major control point in the regulation of fibrinolysis.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) , also known as GA733-2 antigen , is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein composed of an extracellular domain with two EGF-Like repeats and a cystenin-rich region , a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain. It modulates cell adhesion and proliferation. Its overexpression has been detected in many epithelial tumours and has been associated with high stage , high grade and a worse survival in some tumour types. EpCAM has been shown to function as a calcium-independent homophilic cell adhesion molecule that does not exhibit any obvious relationship to the four known cell adhesion molecule superfamilies. However , recent insights have revealed that EpCAM participates in not only cell adhesion , but also in proliferation , migration and differentiation of cells. In addition , recent study revealed that EpCAM is the Wnt-beta-catenin signaling target gene and may be used to facilitate prognosis. It has oncogenic potential and is activated by release of its intracellular domain , which can signal into the cell nucleus by engagement of elements of the wnt pathway.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Protein NOV homolog, also known as Nephroblastoma-overexpressed gene protein homolog, NOV, and CCN3, is a putative ligand for integrin receptors, is tightly associated with the extracellular matrix, and mediates diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion and proliferation. CCN3 has been shown to negatively regulate growth althoμgh it promotes migration in a cell type-specific manner. This secreted protein belongs to the CCN family, and its expression was observed in a broad variety of tissues from the early stage of development, and altered expression of CCN3 has been observed in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinomas, Wilm's tumors, Ewing's sarcomas, gliomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and adrenocortical carcinomas. Mature CCN3 protein has five distinct modules and truncated protein variants with altered function are found in many cancers. CCN3 acts throμgh the core stem cell signaling pathways including Notch and Bone Morphogenic Protein, connecting CCN3 with the modulation of self-renewal and maturation of some cell lineages including hematopoietic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic. CCN3 may affect the extracellular environment of the niche for hematopoietic stem cells. CCN3 has emerged as a key player in stem cell regulation, hematopoiesis, and a crucial component within the bone marrow microenvironment.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Non-enzymatic component of C3 and C5 convertases and thus essential for the propagation of the classical complement pathway. Covalently binds to immunoglobulins and immune complexes and enhances the solubilization of immune aggregates and the clearance of IC through CR1 on erythrocytes.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Interleukin 8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, which is a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif that was initially characterized for its leukocyte chemotactic activity, is now known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties as well. This chemokine is secreted by a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and various tumor cell lines in response to inflammatory stimuli. In human gliomas, IL-8 is expressed and secreted at high levels both in vitro and in vivo, and recent experiments suggest it is critical to glial tumor neovascularity and progression. Levels of IL-8 correlate with histologic grade in glial neoplasms, and the most malignant form, glioblastoma, shows the highest expression in pseudopalisading cells around necrosis, suggesting that hypoxia/anoxia may stimulate expression. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that various types of cells can produce a large amount of IL-8/CXCL8 in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines, microbes and their products, and environmental chang. Numerous observations have established IL-8/CXCL8 as a key mediator in neutrophil-mediated acute inflammation due to its potent actions on neutrophils. The discovery of these biological functions suggests that IL-8/CXCL8 has crucial roles in various pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation and cancer.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

HSPA1A is a member of the Hsp70 protein family. The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are a family of ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins. HSP are abundant and conserved proteins present in all cells. Upon temperature shock or other stress stimuli, HSP are synthesized intracellularly, which may protect cells from protein denaturation or from death. Extracellularly, HSP can serve a cytokine function to initiate both innate and adaptive immunity through activation of APC. HSP serves also a chaperone function and facilitates presentation of antigen peptide to T cells. Molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 family have diverse functions in cells. They assist the folding of newly synthesized and stress-denatured proteins, as well as the import of proteins into organelles, and the dissociation of aggregated proteins. The well-conserved Hsp70 chaperones are ATP dependent: binding and hydrolysis of ATP regulates their interactions with unfolded polypeptide substrates, and ATPase cycling is necessary for their function. All cellular functions of Hsp70 chaperones use the same mechanism of ATP-driven polypeptide binding and release.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1; CD274; B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. PD-L1/B7-H1 is a member of the growing B7 family of immune molecules and this protein contains one V-like and one C-like Ig domain within the extracellular domain; and together with PD-L2; are two ligands for PD1 which belongs to the CD28/CTLA4 family expressed on activated lymphoid cells. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells; PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly; it leads to growth of immunogenic tumor growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5, also known as 86 kDa subunit of Ku antigen, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 2, ATP-dependent DNA helicase II 80 kDa subunit, CTC box-binding factor 85 kDa subunit, DNA repair protein XRCC5, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p86, TLAA and XRCC5, is a nucleus and chromosome which belongs to theku80 family. XRCC5 is a single stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. XRCC5 has a role in chromosome translocation. X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6, also known as 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase Ku70, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 1, ATP-dependent DNA helicase II 70 kDa subunit, 70 kDa subunit of Ku antigen, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 1, CTC box-binding factor 75 kDa subunit, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70, Thyroid-lupus autoantigen and XRCC6, is a nucleus and chromosome which belongs to theku70 family. Heterodimer of a XRCC6 and a XRCC5 subunit associates in a DNA-dependent manner with PRKDC to form the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK, and with the LIG4-XRCC4 complex. The dimer also associates with NAA15, and this complex binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression.